The pre-analytic phase covers in chronological order; From the physician's request, indication, patient preparation, obtaining the primary sample, transportation to and within the laboratory, and ending when the analytical procedure begins. The objective of this study was to evaluate quality practices in the pre-analytical phase of different clinical laboratories of the Metropolitan Area of ​​the Valley of Aburrá. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out during, where 14 laboratories were analyzed, Secretaries, laboratory assistants, bacteriologists and physicians. As results, it was obtained that the requests for examinations are made in printed form by the attending physician in 85.7% of the laboratories, verbal requests are not made in 42.9%, the orders are verified with the doctor in the In case of finding an abnormality in the request of the exam 64.3%, the auxiliary staff is given training for the sample 71.4%, and who provides the indications for the analysis is the secretary or receptionist in 42, 9%. 87.55% of the laboratories have a manual for the pre-analytical phase and 71.4% of the auxiliaries knew the manual in the training of sampling. When there is an error in the request for the exams Errors such as patient name are given in 42.9% and verification with patients of the conditions for sampling in 85.7% of laboratories evaluated. It can be evidenced that in the laboratories surveyed the quality conditions in the processes of the pre-analytic phase must be improved since they are not being fulfilled according to the norms established by the Systems of Quality Management.

The impact that quality education and access to information have on the sustainable development of societies is undeniable. A strategy focused on improving the quality of education and the democratization of science is what could be called Social Biohacking. This work proposes a model of Schools of Creation, which integrates social actors with new technologies to solve their own problems, such as the one considered in this work; the deficiencies in the infrastructure of primary and secondary laboratories in countries like Colombia. Free software and do it yourself initiatives provide sustainable and replicable alternatives to intervene in problems, such as the lack of laboratory equipment, to guarantee a quality educational environment. Additionally, the experience of intervening communities in the city of Medellin through outreach and scientific literacy, as mechanisms for the democratization of science, is related. The interventions in different communities demonstrate the importance of bringing science closer to everyday life, and its relevance to promote the social appropriation of knowledge.

El impacto que la educación de calidad y el acceso a la información tienen en el desarrollo sostenible de las sociedades es innegable. Una estrategia enfocada a mejorar la calidad de la educación y la democratización de la ciencia es lo que podría llamarse Social Biohacking. Este trabajo propone un modelo de Escuelas de Creación, que integra a los actores sociales con las nuevas tecnologías para resolver sus propios problemas, como el considerado en este trabajo; las deficiencias en la infraestructura de laboratorios primarios y secundarios en países como Colombia. El software libre y las iniciativas hazlo tú mismo brindan alternativas sostenibles y replicables para intervenir en problemas, como la falta de equipos de laboratorio, para garantizar un entorno educativo de calidad. Adicionalmente, se relata la experiencia de las comunidades interventoras de la ciudad de Medellín a través de la divulgación y la alfabetización científica, como mecanismos para la democratización de la ciencia. Las intervenciones en diferentes comunidades demuestran la importancia de acercar la ciencia a la vida cotidiana, y su relevancia para promover la apropiación social del conocimiento.

ABSTRACT In the following document, we present the development process of a video game made based on the needs of the Mariana Esperanza Foundation, which serves as a reinforcement in the area of mathematics for its students at the school, educational and vocational levels. Mariana Esperanza Foundation is an institution that has been functioning as a municipal school for more than 26 years and is dedicated to working with diversely skilled students of all ages. Internally, they separate students given their skills, ages, and rhythms of learning at different levels, within which they work the curricula set by the campus. Students at the school level are given pre-school subjects, which refer to spatial notions, numbers, among others. Within the educational level they work on transition issues and in vocational everything related to the 3rd, 4th and 5th grades. Based on the fact that the students on campus easily forget what they learned at the foundation due to their lack of perseverance, the idea of making video games to reinforce the areas of study where they have the most difficulty was generated. This and the unconditional help from the foundation were fundamental in the search for the behavior of the video game and the parameters that it carries with it so that it fulfills its purpose.

RESUMEN En el siguiente documento se da a conocer el proceso de desarrollo de un videojuego hecho en base a las necesidades de la Fundación Esperanza Mariana, el cual sirve como refuerzo en el área de matemáticas para sus estudiantes en los niveles: escolarizado, educativo y vocacional. La Fundación Esperanza Mariana es una institución que lleva más de 26 años funcionando como colegio municipal y se dedica a trabajar con estudiantes diversamente hábiles de todas las edades, internamente separan a los estudiantes dadas sus destrezas, edades y ritmos de aprendizaje en diferentes niveles, dentro de los cuales trabajan los planes de estudio parametrizados por el plantel. Los estudiantes del nivel escolarizado reciben temas de preescolar, que hacen referencia a nociones espaciales, números, entre otros. Dentro del nivel educativo trabajan temas de transición y en vocacional todo lo relacionado a los grados 3ro, 4to y 5to.A partir de la base de que los estudiantes del plantel olvidan fácilmente lo aprendido en la fundación debido a su falta de constancia, se genera la idea de hacer videojuegos que les refuerce las áreas de estudio en donde más presentan dificultad, matemáticas es una de ellas; por ende, se realizaron diversas visitas a su lugar de aprendizaje y se identificó la manera en cómo ellos aprendían, además de sus destrezas y comportamiento frente a los computadores.

Abstract This paper proposes the identification of the effects of financial inclusion on productivity in the Colombian context. To measure this incidence, a sample of panel data from the Annual Manufacturing Survey was used. It was Applied to a fixed-effects regression model in which the dependent variable corresponds to productivity at the establishment level, based on a portfolio of financial products. The results indicate that inclusion efforts understood as the adoption of financial services are not reflected in higher productivity. Thus, it shows persistent failures, limiting access to capital and productive factors. This study, then, opens an important debate in the Colombian case and in similar economies, since several sectorial studies, union efforts and public policy are focused on the adoption of a product portfolio, instrumentalizing inclusion without achieving the intended benefits. Finally, this study concludes that access to a variety of financial services does not guarantee increased productivity and may even deteriorate it.

Resumen El presente trabajo plantea la identificación de los efectos de la inclusión financiera sobre la productividad en el contexto colombiano. Para medir esta incidencia, se utiliza una muestra de datos de tipo panel de la Encuesta Anual Manufacturera. Aplicada a un modelo de regresión de efectos fijos en el cual la variable dependiente corresponde a la productividad a nivel de los establecimientos, en función de un portafolio de productos financieros. Los resultados indican que los esfuerzos de inclusión entendidos como la adopción servicios financieros no se refleja en una mayor productividad. Mostrando así, fallos persistentes, limitantes en el acceso al capital y los factores productivos. Este estudio entonces, abre un importante debate en el caso colombiano y de economías similares, pues diversos estudios sectoriales, esfuerzos gremiales y la política publica, se enfocan en la adopción de un portafolio de productos, instrumentalizando la inclusión sin lograr los beneficios que se pretenden. Finalmente, se concluye de este estudio que el acceso a una diversidad de servicios financieros no garantiza el aumento de la productividad e incluso puede deteriorarla.

Resumen Introducción. La enfermedad de Kawasaki corresponde a una vasculitis sistémica de origen desconocido y su principal complicación es la formación de aneurismas coronarios. Objetivo. Realizar una revisión actualizada de la literatura acerca del tratamiento farmacológico de la enfermedad de Kawasaki. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda estructurada de la literatura en las bases de datos ProQuest, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, PubMed, LILACS, Embase, Trip Database, SciELO y Cochrane Library con los términos "Kawasaki disease AND therapeutics", "Kawasaki disease AND treatment" y "Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome AND therapeutics", en inglés y con sus equivalentes en español. Resultados. Se encontraron 51 artículos con información relevante para el desarrollo de la presente revisión. Conclusiones. El diagnóstico y el tratamiento oportuno de la enfermedad de Kawasaki son fundamentales para la prevención de las complicaciones coronarias. El tratamiento incluye la terapia combinada de ácido acetilsalicílico más inmunoglobulina G, la cual reduce la incidencia de aneurismas coronarios. Por su parte, las terapias con corticosteroides y otros fármacos inmunosupresores son alternativas utilizadas en el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Kawasaki resistente a inmunoglobulina.

Abstract Introduction: Kawasaki disease is a systemic vasculitis of unknown origin and its main complication is the formation of coronary aneurysms. Objective: To conduct an updated review of the literature on the pharmacological treatment of Kawasaki disease. Materials and methods: A structured literature search was conducted in the ProQuest, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, PubMed, LILACS, Embase, Trip Database, SciELO and Cochrane Library databases with the terms "Kawasaki disease AND therapeutics", "Kawasaki disease AND treatment" and "Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome AND therapeutics", in English and their equivalents in Spanish. Results: 51 articles were found with information relevant for this review. Conclusions: Early diagnosis and treatment of Kawasaki disease is essential to prevent coronary complications. Treatment includes combined therapy with acetylsalicylic acid plus immunoglobulin G, which reduces the incidence of coronary aneurysms. On the other hand, corticosteroid therapies and other immunosuppressive drugs are alternatives used to treat immunoglobulin-resistant Kawasaki disease.

ABSTRACT Objective To explore the risk factors associated with vaginal infections and squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix in university students in Medellín, Colombia. Materials and methods Cross-sectional study; a convenience sample of 176 students from the health care field were included. Data were obtained through an anonymous survey that included demographic, clinical, and academic variables, as well as those pertaining to sexual habits. Cervical cytology and direct gram stain of vaginal fluid were taken. The statistical association for vaginal infections and squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix was explored through the odds ratio and the 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) was found in 9.1% of participants; low-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in 4.5%, and vaginal infections in 30.7%; bacterial vaginosis was the most common infection. Previous history of HPV has a statistical association with ASCUS OR = 36.69 95% CI (3.56-378.15) and vaginosis by Gardnerella OR = 10.57 CI 95% (1.07-104.64), whereas urinary infections had a statistical association for candidiasis OR = 4.46 CI 95% (1.21-16.5). Conclusions Our findings can be used as descriptive information regarding the frequency of vaginal infections and squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix in university populations, to continue or improve programs for the promotion and prevention of sexual and reproductive health in young populations.

RESUMEN Objetivo Explorar factores de riesgo asociados a infecciones vaginales y Lesiones Intraepiteliales Escamosas de Cuello Uterino (LEICU) en estudiantes universitarias de Medellín-Colombia. Materiales y métodos Estudio observacional analítico transversal con una muestra a conveniencia de 176 estudiantes del área de la salud. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante encuesta anónima que incluyó variables demográficas, clínicas, académicas y de hábitos sexuales. Se realizó toma de muestra por medio de citología cérvico uterina y Gram-Directo de flujo vaginal. Se exploró la asociación estadística de la presencia de IV o LEICU con variables de interés a través de la Odds Ratio (OR) y su intervalo de confianza de 95% (IC95%). Se asumió asociación estadística con p<0,05. Resultados Se encontró ASCUS en el 9,1%; LEICU de bajo grado en el 4,5%, e infecciones vaginales en el 30.7% de las participantes, siendo la vaginosis bacteriana la infección más común. Además los antecedentes previos de VPH tienen asociación estadística con el ASCUS OR=36,69 IC 95% (3,56-378,15) y con las vaginosis por Gardnerella OR=10,57 IC 95%(1,07-104,64), mientras que las infecciones urinarias tuvieron asociación estadística con la candidiasis OR=4,46 IC 95% (1,21-16,5). Conclusiones Los hallazgos encontrados pueden servir como información descriptiva acerca de la frecuencia de IV y LEICU en poblaciones universitarias para continuar o mejorar programas de promoción y prevención de la salud sexual y reproductiva, en poblaciones jóvenes.

Resumo O presente estudo apresenta uma metodologia para enfrentar o desafio de mostrar objetivamente os Serviços Hidrológicos Ecossistêmicos (SHE). Um estudo de caso é utilizado na região da Península La Guajira (Colômbia), com ênfase sobre os SHE de regulação do fluxo de água. A metodologia proposta estabelece, como hipóteses, que os SHE não têm sido objetivamente mostrados, levando à falha na implementação de diretrizes de Pagamentos por Serviços Ambientais (PSA). Nesse sentido, objetivou-se compreender e quantificar a relação entre a cobertura vegetal e a regulação da vazão do rio. Para provar essa relação e a existência dos mencionados SHE nos ecossistemas de La Guajira, determinaram-se as mudanças na cobertura vegetal entre 2000 até 2013 utilizando o Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI). Também foi quantificada a regulação da vazão usando séries de tempo hidrológicas e meteorológicas da área de estudo. Os métodos utilizados foram insuficientes para determinar a influência da vegetação na regulação hídrica dos SHE, porém, evidenciou-se uma maior influência da morfometria em bacias de tamanho médio e grande. Outro resultado importante mostra a relevância de se selecionar uma resolução espacial e temporal adequada quando se quantificam serviços de regulação hídrica e sua relação com as características da cobertura vegetal. Desta maneira, esse trabalho mostra a complexidade de se quantificar os SHE. Além disso, realça alguns aspectos que devem ser tomados em conta para quantificar corretamente a regulação da vazão devido à cobertura vegetal.

Abstract This study presents a methodology to address the challenge of objectively demonstrating Ecosystem Hydrological Services (EHS). A case study is used in the region of the La Guajira Peninsula (Colombia), with a focus on the EHS of water flow regulation. The proposed methodology hypothesizes that EHS that have not been objectively demonstrated lead to failures in the implementation of guidelines of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES). Following this idea, we have tried to understand and quantify the relationship between vegetation coverage and streamflow regulation. To prove this relationship and the existence of the mentioned EHS in the La Guajira Ecosystem, we determined land cover changes from 2000 to 2013 using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and we also quantified the streamflow regulation using hydrological and meteorological time series in the study area. The analysis methods used were insufficient to determine the influence of vegetation on hydric regulation EHS; nevertheless, a greater influence of morphometry was observed in medium-and large-sized basins. Another important finding shows the relevance of selecting an adequate spatial and time resolution when quantifying water flow regulation services and its relationship with land cover characteristics. In this way, this exercise shows the complexity of quantifying EHS. Furthermore, we highlight some aspects that must be taken into account to properly quantify streamflow regulation due to vegetation coverage.